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👶 Growth & Clinical Scores
Growth numbers, puberty staging and the pediatric bedside scores the exam uses — now also Phoenix sepsis, Finnegan, Sarnat, Ballard, burns, PECARN, Alvarado, Duke, Tal, Yale, jaundice zones, eczema, asthma, Ottawa, malnutrition and CKD staging — with interactive calculators.
All (49)
Neonatology (8) Growth, Development & Nutrition (10) Infectious Diseases & Vaccines (4) Respiratory (4) Cardiology (3) Nephrology, Fluids & Electrolytes (3) Endocrinology & Diabetes (5) Emergency, Toxicology & Resuscitation (5) Dermatology (1) Surgery & Orthopedics (5) Miscellaneous (1)
Weight gain in infancy Birth weight loss, g/day gain, doubling and tripling FREE Growth, Development & Nutrition
Average term birth weight ~3.5 kg ; ~10 kg at 1 year.
Physiological loss up to 7–10% in the first days; regained by 10–14 days . Loss >10% or not regained by 2 weeks → assess feeding (observe a feed, latch, supply). Daily gain: ~30 g/day (0–3 m), ~20 g/day (3–6 m), ~10 g/day (6–12 m). Birth weight doubles by 4–5 months , triples by 12 months , quadruples by ~2 years . Then ~2 kg/year until puberty. Age APLS estimated weight (kg) 0–12 months (0.5 × age in months) + 4 1–5 years (2 × age) + 8 6–12 years (3 × age) + 7
A 1-year-old who weighs only twice birth weight (e.g. 3.2 → 7 kg) has faltering growth; with a normal exam the cause is usually intake — start with diet history and calories.
Length & height velocity 25 cm in year 1, then 12, 8 and 5–7 cm/year FREE Growth, Development & Nutrition
Period Gain 0–3 months ~3.5 cm/month 3–6 months ~2 cm/month 6–12 months ~1.5 cm/month (1.2 cm/month at 9–12 m) Year 1 total ~25 cm (50 → 75 cm = birth length ×1.5) Year 2 ~12 cm Year 3 ~8 cm 4 years → puberty 5–7 cm/year (≈6 cm/year)Pubertal spurt girls ~8–9 cm/year, boys ~9–10 cm/year
Birth length doubles at 4 years (100 cm); ≈115 cm at 6 years. Height at 2 years ≈ half of adult height. Rough formula 2–12 years: height (cm) ≈ (age × 6) + 77. Prepubertal velocity <4–5 cm/year, or crossing down 2 major centiles, needs evaluation. Most-asked growth number: between 3 and 6 months length increases about 2 cm per month.
Head circumference 35 → 44 → 47 cm; +2/+1/+0.5 cm per month FREE Growth, Development & Nutrition
Age HC Monthly gain Birth ~35 cm — 0–3 months ~41 cm at 3 m 2 cm/month 3–6 months ~44 cm at 6 m1 cm/month 6–12 months ~47 cm at 1 y0.5 cm/month 2 years ~49 cm —
Macrocephaly / HC crossing centiles upward with an open fontanelle → cranial ultrasound first ; CT/MRI if fontanelle closed or symptomatic. Microcephaly (HC <−2 to −3 SD) or HC falling across centiles → MRI brain + TORCH, genetic and metabolic work-up. Measure parents' HC: benign familial macrocephaly is common. In failure to thrive, HC is the last parameter to fall. HC 35 cm at birth rising to 47 cm at 4 months (expected ~42) = rapid head growth → transfontanelle ultrasound for hydrocephalus.
Fontanelles Closure times and causes of large or early-closing fontanelle Growth, Development & Nutrition
Dentition First tooth ~6 months; 20 primary teeth by 2.5–3 years Growth, Development & Nutrition
Short stature: normal variants Familial vs constitutional delay — bone age decides Endocrinology & Diabetes
Body proportions Upper:lower segment ratio and arm span Growth, Development & Nutrition
Growth charts & centiles WHO vs CDC, corrected age, when to worry Growth, Development & Nutrition
Failure to thrive Pattern of parameters, causes, first step Growth, Development & Nutrition
Childhood obesity BMI centile definitions and complications Growth, Development & Nutrition
Tanner staging Breast, pubic hair and male genital stages Endocrinology & Diabetes
Normal pubertal timing Sequence and ages in girls and boys Endocrinology & Diabetes
Precocious puberty Cutoffs, central vs peripheral, work-up Endocrinology & Diabetes
Delayed puberty Cutoffs, CDGP vs hypo- vs hypergonadotropic Endocrinology & Diabetes
APGAR score Five signs, 0–2 each, at 1 and 5 minutes Neonatology
Downes score Neonatal respiratory distress severity Neonatology
Silverman–Andersen score Retraction score for preterm respiratory distress Neonatology
Westley croup score Severity grading and management of croup Respiratory
PRAM & acute asthma severity Pediatric Respiratory Assessment Measure and GINA red flags Respiratory
Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale Modified verbal score for preverbal children Emergency, Toxicology & Resuscitation
Pediatric Early Warning Score Brighton PEWS for ward deterioration Emergency, Toxicology & Resuscitation
FLACC pain scale Pain scoring in preverbal children Miscellaneous
McIsaac (modified Centor) score Group A strep pharyngitis probability Infectious Diseases & Vaccines
Kawasaki disease criteria Fever ≥5 days + 4 of 5 principal features Cardiology
Jones criteria (2015) Diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever Cardiology
Pediatric Appendicitis Score Samuel PAS 0–10 and imaging pathway Surgery & Orthopedics
Kocher criteria Septic arthritis vs transient synovitis of the hip Surgery & Orthopedics
Clinical Dehydration Scale Gorelick/Friedman CDS for children 1–36 months Nephrology, Fluids & Electrolytes
WHO dehydration plans A, B, C Classification and rehydration volumes Nephrology, Fluids & Electrolytes
Febrile infant 8–60 days (AAP 2021) Age-stratified work-up of well-appearing febrile infants Infectious Diseases & Vaccines
Rochester criteria Low-risk febrile infant ≤60 days (older rule) Infectious Diseases & Vaccines
Phoenix Sepsis Score (2024) New pediatric sepsis and septic shock definitions Emergency, Toxicology & Resuscitation
Neonatal abstinence (Finnegan / ESC) Opioid withdrawal scoring and when to start morphine Neonatology
Sarnat staging & cooling criteria Neonatal HIE grades and who gets therapeutic hypothermia Neonatology
New Ballard score Postnatal gestational age from 6 neuromuscular + 6 physical signs Neonatology
Burns: Lund–Browder & Parkland TBSA in children and resuscitation fluid Emergency, Toxicology & Resuscitation
PECARN head CT rules Minor head trauma: CT, observe or discharge (<2 y and ≥2 y) Emergency, Toxicology & Resuscitation
Pediatric C-spine imaging rules PECARN 2024, NEXUS / Canadian limits and SCIWORA Surgery & Orthopedics
Alvarado (MANTRELS) score Appendicitis probability, 0–10 Surgery & Orthopedics
Modified Duke criteria Diagnosis of infective endocarditis Cardiology
Modified Tal score (bronchiolitis) Bedside severity for bronchiolitis / infant wheeze Respiratory
Yale Observation Scale Serious illness in febrile children 3–36 months Infectious Diseases & Vaccines
Kramer zones of jaundice Cephalocaudal spread and approximate bilirubin Neonatology
Hour-specific bilirubin (Bhutani / AAP 2022) Risk zones, phototherapy and exchange thresholds Neonatology
SCORAD & EASI (atopic dermatitis) Eczema severity and the treatment ladder Dermatology
Wood–Downes asthma score Clinical asthma score for impending respiratory failure Respiratory
Ottawa ankle & foot rules Who needs an X-ray after ankle injury (children ≥6 y) Surgery & Orthopedics
Malnutrition classifications Waterlow, Gomez, Wellcome and WHO z-score / MUAC Growth, Development & Nutrition
Bedside Schwartz eGFR & CKD stages Pediatric GFR estimate and KDIGO staging Nephrology, Fluids & Electrolytes
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